12.37 For the Darlington configuration shown in Fig. 12.17, show that for and :
(a) The equivalent composite transistor has .
(b) If the composite transistor is operated at a current IC, then Q2 will be operating at a collector current approximately equal to IC, and Q1 will be operating at a collector current approximately equal to IC/β2.
(c) The composite transistor has a base–emitter voltage , where IS is the saturation current of each of Q1 and Q2.
(d) The composite transistor has an equivalent rπ 2β1β2(VT/IC).
(e) The composite transistor has an equivalent gm .
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